cracking, spalling, and efflorescence, oh my! how to resolve 3 common masonry problems

Masonry structures are admired for their durability, beauty, and timelessness. However, even the sturdiest masonry can encounter issues over time due to environmental factors, wear and tear, and improper maintenance. At Masonry Kingston, we're dedicated to helping homeowners and businesses in Kingston, Ontario, maintain their masonry in top condition. In this post, we'll explore some common masonry problems and provide practical solutions to address them.

1. Cracking

Problem: Cracks in masonry are a common issue that can arise due to various factors, including settling foundations, thermal expansion and contraction caused by contantly changing temperatures (located at an elevation of 87.88 meters above sea level, Kingston has a humid continental, no dry season, warm summer climate), moisture infiltration, and structural overloads.

Solution:

• Small Cracks: For minor cracks, using a flexible masonry caulk or sealant can prevent further water penetration and structural damage.
• Large Cracks: Larger or structural cracks may require professional assessment and repair. This can involve techniques like repointing, where the damaged mortar is removed and replaced, or using epoxy injections to stabilize the crack.
• Prevention: Ensure proper drainage around the foundation and regular inspection to catch and address issues early.

2. Spalling

Problem: Spalling occurs when the surface of the masonry flakes or peels away, often due to water infiltration and freeze-thaw cycles. This is particularly common in regions with harsh winters, like Kingston.

Solution:

• Surface Repair: Minor spalling can be addressed by patching the affected area with a high-quality masonry repair mortar.
• Replacement: Severe spalling might require removing and replacing the damaged bricks or stones.
• Waterproofing: Apply a breathable water repellent to the masonry surface to reduce water absorption and protect against future spalling.

3. Efflorescence

Problem: Efflorescence appears as a white, powdery substance on the surface of masonry. It occurs when water-soluble salts within the masonry or mortar dissolve in water and migrate to the surface.

Solution:

• Cleaning: Efflorescence can often be removed using a dry brush or a mixture of water and mild detergent. For stubborn deposits, specialized efflorescence cleaners are available.
• Moisture Control: Address the underlying moisture issue by improving drainage, repairing leaks, and ensuring proper ventilation.
• Barrier: Applying a vapor barrier to the interior side of the masonry can help prevent moisture from migrating through the wall.

4. Mortar Deterioration

Problem: Mortar joints can deteriorate over time due to weathering, freeze-thaw cycles, and chemical exposure, leading to weakened structural integrity.

Solution:

• Repointing: Remove the old, damaged mortar and replace it with fresh mortar that matches the original in composition and colour.  Tuckpointing is a popular variation.
• Maintenance: Regularly inspect and maintain mortar joints to catch deterioration early and prevent extensive damage.

5. Staining

Problem: Masonry can become stained due to environmental factors, pollution, biological growth (like algae and moss), or rust from embedded metals.

Solution:

• Cleaning: Depending on the type of stain, use appropriate cleaning methods such as power washing, chemical cleaners, or a mixture of water and mild detergent.
• Protection: Apply a sealant to the masonry surface to protect against future staining and make cleaning easier.

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Real Life Example

At Masonry Kingston, we recently helped a local homeowner restore their aging brickwork after years of exposure to Kingston’s freeze-thaw climate. Located not far from Lake Ontario Park, their home’s exterior masonry was showing clear signs of wear — including cracks in the mortar joints, spalling bricks caused by moisture damage, and efflorescence, the white powdery deposits that form when water-soluble salts rise to the surface.

Our skilled team began with a thorough inspection, identifying the underlying causes of the deterioration. We removed and replaced damaged bricks, repointed cracked mortar joints with a mortar mix that matched the original in both strength and appearance, and applied targeted repairs to stop further spalling. Finally, we treated the affected areas to address and reduce efflorescence, ensuring proper drainage and moisture control moving forward.

The result was a refreshed, structurally sound exterior that preserved the home’s historic charm — a must in a city like Kingston, where heritage architecture near landmarks such as Queen’s University and City Hall is part of the community’s identity. Whether it’s preventative maintenance or full-scale restoration, Masonry Kingston delivers expert solutions to protect and enhance your property.


Final Thoughts

At Masonry Kingston, we understand the unique challenges that masonry structures face in Kingston, Ontario's climate. Our team of skilled masons is equipped with the knowledge and expertise to diagnose and repair a wide range of masonry issues. 

Don't let masonry problems compromise the safety and aesthetics of your property. Contact Masonry Kingston today to schedule an inspection and let our experts provide the care and repair your masonry needs.

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